The % family of runes is used for making 'function calls' in Hoon. To be more precise, these runes evaluate the $ arm in cores, usually after modifying the sample. (The default sample is replaced with the input values given in the call.)

These runes reduce to the %= rune.

%_ "cencab"

Resolve a wing with changes, preserving type.

Syntax

One fixed argument, then a variable number of pairs.

%_  a=wing
  b=wing  c=hoon
  d=wing  e=hoon
  f=wing  g=hoon
==

%_    a=wing
    b=wing
  c=hoon
::
    d=wing
  e=hoon
::
    f=wing
  g=hoon
==

%_(a=wing b=wing c=hoon, d=wing e=hoon, ...)

AST

[%cncb p=wing q=(list (pair wing hoon))]

Expands to

^+(a %=(a b c, d e, ...))

Semantics

A %_ expression resolves to the value of the subject at wing a, but modified according to a series of changes: b is replaced with the product of c, d with the product of e, and so on. At compile time a type check is performed to ensure that the resulting value is of the same type as a.

Discussion

%_ is different from %= because %= can change the type of a wing with mutations. %_ preserves the wing type.

See how wings are resolved.

Examples

> =foo [p=42 q=6]

> foo(p %baz)
[p=%baz q=6]

> foo(p [55 99])
[p=[55 99] q=6]

> %_(foo p %baz)
[p=7.496.034 99]

> %_(foo p [55 99])
! nest-fail

%: "cencol"

Call a gate with many arguments.

Syntax

One fixed argument, then a variable number of arguments.

%:  a=hoon
  b=hoon
  c=hoon
   ...
  d=hoon
==

%:(a b c d)

  (a b c d)

AST

[%cncl p=hoon q=(list hoon)]

Semantics

A %: expression calls a gate with many arguments. a is the gate to be called, and b through d are the arguments. If there is only one subexpression after a, its product is the sample. Otherwise, a single argument is constructed by evaluating all of b through d -- however many subexpressions there are -- and putting the result in a cell: [b c ... d].

Discussion

When %: is used in tall-form syntax, the series of expressions after p must be terminated with ==.

Examples

> %:  add  22  33  ==
55

> =adder |=  a=*
         =+  c=0
         |-
         ?@  a  (add a c)
         ?^  -.a  !!
         $(c (add -.a c), a +.a)

> %:  adder  22  33  44  ==
99

> %:  adder  22  33  44  55  ==
154

> %:(adder 22 33 44)
99

> (adder 22 33 44)
99

%. "cendot"

Call a gate (function), inverted.

Syntax

Two arguments, fixed.

%.  a  b

%.(a b)

AST

[%cndt p=hoon q=hoon]

Semantics

The %. rune is for evaluating the $ arm of a gate, i.e., calling a function. a is for the desired sample value (i.e., input value), and b is the gate.

Expands to

%-(b=hoon a=hoon)

Discussion

%. is just like %-, but with its subexpressions reversed; the argument comes first, and then the gate.

Examples

> =add-triple |=([a=@ b=@ c=@] :(add a b c))

> %.([1 2 3] add-triple)
6

%- "cenhep"

Call a gate (function).

Syntax

%-  a
b

%-(a b)

  (a b)

AST

[%cnhp p=hoon q=hoon]

Semantics

This rune is for evaluating the $ arm of a gate, i.e., calling a gate as a function. a is the gate, and b is the desired sample value (i.e., input value) for the gate.

Expands to

%~($ a b)

Discussion

%- is used to call a function; a is the function (gate, q the argument. %- is a special case of %~ ("censig"), and a gate is a special case of a door.

Examples

> =add-triple |=([a=@ b=@ c=@] :(add a b c))

> (add-triple 1 2 3)
6

> %-(add-triple [1 2 3])
6

%^ "cenket"

Call gate with triple sample.

Syntax

Four arguments, fixed.

%^    a
    b
  c
d

%^(a b c d)

  (a b c d)

AST

[%cnkt p=hoon q=hoon r=hoon s=hoon]

Expands to

%-(a=hoon [b=hoon c=hoon d=hoon])

Examples

> =add-triple |=([a=@ b=@ c=@] :(add a b c))

> %^(add-triple 1 2 3)
6

%+ "cenlus"

Call gate with a cell sample.

Syntax

Three arguments, fixed.

%+  a
  b
c

%+(a b c)

  (a b c)

AST

[%cnls p=hoon q=hoon r=hoon]

Semantics

A %+ expression is for calling a gate with a cell sample. a is the gate to be called, b is for the head of the sample, and c is for the sample tail.

Expands to

%-(a=hoon [b=hoon c=hoon])

Examples

> =add-triple |=([a=@ b=@ c=@] :(add a b c))

> %+(add-triple 1 [2 3])
6

%~ "censig"

Evaluate an arm in a door.

Syntax

Three arguments, fixed.

%~  p=wing  q=hoon
r=hoon

%~(p q r)

  ~(p q r1 r2 rn)

In the irregular form, r may be split into multiple parts. Multiple parts of r will be formed into a cell.

Semantics

A %~ expression evaluates the arm of a door (i.e., a core with a sample). p is a wing that resolves to the arm from within the door in question. q is the door itself. r is the sample of the door.

Discussion

%~ is the general case of a function call, %-. In both, we replace the sample (+6) of a core. In %- the core is a gate and the $ arm is evaluated. In %~ the core is a door and any arm may be evaluated. You must identify the arm to be run: %~(arm door arg).

Note also that p is a wing and can therefore be ., as in ~(. door sample). This little idiom lets you load your sample into the door once instead of over and over.

See also |_.

Examples

> =mycore |_  a=@
          ++  plus-two  (add 2 a)
          ++  double  (mul 2 a)
          ++  mul-by
            |=  b=@
            (mul a b)
          --

> ~(plus-two mycore 10)
12

> ~(double mycore 10)
20

>  =tencore ~(. mycore 10)
>  (mul-by:tencore 5)
50

%* "centar"

Evaluate an expression, then resolve a wing with changes.

Syntax

Two fixed arguments, then a variable number of pairs.

%*  a=wing  b=hoon
  c=wing  d=hoon
  e=wing  f=hoon
       ...
  g=wing  h=hoon
==

%*    a=wing  b=hoon
    c=wing
  d=hoon
::
    e=wing
  f=hoon
::
    g=wing
  h=hoon
==

%*(a b c d, e f, g h)

AST

[%cntr p=wing q=hoon r=(list (pair wing hoon))]

Semantics

A %* expression evaluates some arbitrary Hoon expression, b, and then resolves a wing of that result, with changes. a is the wing to be resolved, and one or more changes is defined by the subexpressions after b.

Expands to

=+  b=hoon
%=  a=wing
  c=wing  d=hoon
  e=wing  f=hoon
       ...
  g=wing  h=hoon
==

Examples

> %*($ add a 2, b 3)
5

> %*(b [a=[12 14] b=[c=12 d=44]] c 11)
[c=11 d=44]

> %*(b [a=[12 14] b=[c=12 d=44]] c 11, d 33)
[c=11 d=33]

> =foo [a=1 b=2 c=3 d=4]

> %*(+ foo c %hello, d %world)
[b=2 c=%hello d=%world]

> =+(foo=[a=1 b=2 c=3] foo(b 7, c 10))
[a=1 b=7 c=10]

> %*(foo [foo=[a=1 b=2 c=3]] b 7, c 10)
[a=1 b=7 c=10]

%= "centis"

Resolve a wing with changes.

Syntax

One fixed argument, then a variable number of pairs.

%=  a=wing
  b=wing  c=hoon
  d=wing  e=hoon
       ...
  f=wing  g=hoon
==

%=    a=wing
    b=wing
  c=hoon
::
    d=wing
  e=hoon
::
    f=wing
  g=hoon
==

%=(a b c, d e, f g)

  a(b c, d e, f g)

AST

[%cnts p=wing q=(list (pair wing hoon))]

Semantics

A %= expression resolves a wing of the subject, but with changes made.

If a resolves to a leg, a series of changes are made to wings of that leg (b, d, and f above are replaced with the respective products of c, e, and g above). The modified leg is returned.

If a resolves to an arm, a series of changes are made to wings of the parent core of that arm. (Again, b, d, and f are replaced with the respective products of c, e, and g.) The arm is computed with the modified core as the subject, and the product is returned.

Discussion

Note that a is a wing, not just any expression. Knowing that a function call (foo baz) involves evaluating foo, replacing its sample at slot +6 with baz, and then resolving to the $ limb, you might think (foo baz) would mean %=(foo +6 baz).

But it's actually =+(foo =>(%=(+2 +6 baz:+3) $)). Even if foo is a wing, we would just be mutating +6 within the core that defines the foo arm. Instead we want to modify the product of foo—the gate—so we have to pin it into the subject.

Here's that again in tall form:

=+  foo
=>  %=  +2
      +6  baz:+3
    ==
  $

Examples

> =foo [p=5 q=6]

> foo(p 42)
[p=42 q=6]

> foo(+3 99)
[p=5 99]